Introduction
Many people have difficulty participating in leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
after a strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. Common obstacles to re-engaging in leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
include mobility limitations, inaccessibility of community-based activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
and the perceived social stigma towards strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. The reduction in leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. can be a source of frustration and can impact on mood and wellbeing. Support can be helpful to increase participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. in leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
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Leisure therapy typically involves interventions that enable participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. in leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
and achieving leisure goals. These interventions can include discovering leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
, training in leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
, adapting leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
and making use of community resources. Leisure therapy is often provided by recreational therapists and occupational therapists, and can be offered individually or in a group. Individual leisure therapy is often tailored to work towards individual leisure goals, whereas leisure therapy groups often involve participating in leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
in a social context and group education / discussions.
Patient/Family Information
What is leisure therapy?
Leisure therapy helps people engage in leisure activities and achieve their goals for resuming leisure after stroke. There are many different forms of leisure therapy, including practising specific leisure activities, improving skills, finding ways to adapt to changes from the stroke, using community resources, or discovering new leisure activities.
Why use leisure therapy?
After a stroke, many people have difficulty returning to leisure activities. Leisure activities are a good way to stay active, both physically and mentally. Leisure activities have many benefits on quality of life and mood. Leisure therapy is often as effective as other treatments to improve general skills after a stroke, which in turn can make it easier to do other daily activities.
Is leisure therapy effective?
Studies on leisure therapy differ in the type of intervention they use, and how long or how often they do the leisure activity. This makes it difficult to decide whether leisure therapies are all effective. However, research shows that doing leisure therapy after a stroke can improve physical skills, cognitive skills and satisfaction with leisure. Leisure therapy is as effective as other stroke treatments (such as standard care, occupational therapy and physical activity) for emotional wellbeing, mood and ability to do activities of daily living.
Are there risks or side effects?
If your medical and rehabilitation team have cleared you to do physical rehabilitation, there are no specific risks or side effects associated with leisure therapy. However, it is important to work with a rehabilitation professional (e.g. an occupational therapist or recreational therapist), because your skills after a stroke may have changed. Your rehabilitation professional will help you do leisure activities safely, or find alternative activities that you can do safely. No studies report leisure therapy to be associated with any negative side effects.
Who provides leisure therapy?
Leisure therapy is often provided by occupational therapists or recreational therapists, but can also be provided by other people such as volunteers.
How much does it cost?
The cost of leisure therapy depends on public health or insurance policies. In Canada, costs are covered if you are receiving care in a rehabilitation setting that offers this form of treatment. If you are receiving private rehabilitation, it is important to verify that your insurance covers leisure therapy.
How long does it take?
In the studies used for this StrokEngine module, the duration and intensity of leisure therapy varied greatly. Most treatments were provided over several months; sessions were held once a week, and lasted between 30-60 minutes. In a rehabilitation setting, it is likely that leisure therapy will be tailored to suit each individual’s goals and needs.
Is leisure therapy for me?
If you’veVolume of total expiration.
had a strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. or know a relative who has had a strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. and is having difficulty with leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
, leisure therapy is an excellent treatment option to re-engage in activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
or help discover new interests. Leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
benefit physical and psychological health and are a great way to stay active. Additionally, leisure therapy has been shown to provide additional benefits such as improving physical ability and skills for other types of activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
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Clinician Information
Note: When reviewing the findings, it is important to note that they are always made according to randomized clinical trial (
RCT) criteria – specifically as compared to a control group. To clarify, if a treatment is “effective” it implies that it is more effective than the control treatment to which it was compared. Non-randomized studies are no longer included when there is sufficient research to indicate strong evidence (level 1a) for an outcome.
A total of ten studies (six high quality RCTs, two fair quality RCTs, one poor quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. and one pre-post design study) that investigate the use of leisure therapy in post-stroke rehabilitation were reviewed in this StrokEngine module. Leisure therapy typically included participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. in leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
, training in leisure activity, adapting leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
, leisure education/discussion and accessing community resources. Frequency of leisure therapy varied from 30 minutes to 2 hours per session, from one to 3 days per week, for 5 to 36 weeks duration. Some studies offered leisure therapy combined with physical activity sessions. Control groups included delayed leisure therapy (in the case of crossover studies), discussions not related to leisure, occupational therapy, activities of daily living (ADL)Basic tasks that involve bodily issues (bathing, dressing, toileting, transferring, continence, eating and walking) that are done on a daily basis. therapy, physical activity or no intervention.
A systematic reviewA systematic review is a summary of available research on a given topic that compares studies based on design and methods. It summarizes the findings of each, and points out flaws or potentially confounding variables that may have been overlooked. A critical analysis of each study is done in an effort to rate the value of its stated conclusions. The research findings are then summarized, and a conclusion is provided.
on leisure therapy (Dorstyn et al., 2014) that comprised 12 RCTs from ten independent studies reported statistically significant differences in favour of leisure therapy compared to control interventions for health-related quality of life, emotional wellbeing, leisure satisfaction, leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. and activity satisfaction. The review concluded that leisure therapy is effective for improving short-term psychological and leisure outcomes after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. All but one of the studies from this systematic reviewA systematic review is a summary of available research on a given topic that compares studies based on design and methods. It summarizes the findings of each, and points out flaws or potentially confounding variables that may have been overlooked. A critical analysis of each study is done in an effort to rate the value of its stated conclusions. The research findings are then summarized, and a conclusion is provided.
met criteria for inclusion in this StrokEngine module.
This review includes three studies (two high quality RCTs and one non-randomized study) conducted with participants in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery. In this phase of recovery, leisure therapy was more effective than comparison interventions for improving executive function, occupational performance and walking endurance. The remaining studies were conducted with participants across the strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. continuum (i.e. participants’ stage of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. was not specific to one phase or was not reported). Results found that leisure therapy was more effective than comparison interventions for improving leisure satisfaction alone, with potential benefits on emotional wellbeing, instrumental ADLs and leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations..
Results Table
View results table
Outcomes
Chronic phase
One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Liu-Ambrose & Eng, 2014) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on balance in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery. This high quality crossover RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. randomized patients to receive exercise training + recreation/leisure therapy or usual care. Balance was measured by the Berg Balance Scale at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). No significant between-group difference was found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCT that exercise training + recreation/leisure therapy is not more effective than a comparison intervention (usual care) for improving balance in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery.
Executive function
Effective
1b
One high quality RCT (Liu-Ambrose & Eng, 2014) and one non-randomized study (Rand et al., 2010) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on executive function in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery.
The high quality crossover RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Liu-Ambrose & Eng, 2014) randomized patients to receive exercise training + recreation/leisure therapy or usual care. Executive function was measured by the Stroop Test, Trail Making Tests – Part A and B and verbal digit span forward/backward test at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). A significant between-group difference was found in one measure (Trail Making Tests) at mid-treatment, favouring the exercise + recreation/leisure program vs. usual care. Significant between-group differences were found in two measures (Stroop Test; verbal digit span forward/backward test) at post-treatment, favouring the exercise + recreation/leisure program vs. usual care.
The pre-post design study (Rand et al., 2010) provided patients with physical exercise + recreation/leisure sessions. Executive function was measured by the Verbal Digits Span Test – Backward, Trail Making Test – B, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT – Short delay, Long delay), Walking While Talking test (WWT), Digit Symbol Test (DST) and Stroop Test at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). Significant improvements were found on the RAVLT (Long delay) and WWT at mid-treatment, and on the Stroop Test at post-treatment.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that exercise training + recreation/leisure is more effective than a comparison intervention (usual care) for improving some measures of executive function in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery. A pre-post study also found improvements on certain measures of executive function after a physical exercise and recreation/leisure intervention.
Health status
Not effective
1b
One high quality RCT (Corr, Phillips & Walker, 2004) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on health status in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery. This high quality crossover RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. randomized patients to receive community leisure therapy or no treatment (delayed intervention). Health status was measured by the Medical Outcomes Short Form (SF-36 – Physical, Mental subscales) at post-treatment (6 months) and follow-up (12 months). A significant between-group difference was found in one measure (SF-36 – Physical) at post-treatment, in favour of no treatment vs. leisure therapy.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that leisure therapy is not more effective than no treatment for improving health status in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery.
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Not effective
1b
One high quality RCT (Corr, Phillips & Walker, 2004) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on instrumental activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
of daily living (IADLs) in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery. This high quality crossover RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. randomized patients to receive community leisure therapy or no treatment (delayed intervention). IADLs were measured by the Nottingham Extended ADL Scale (NEADL) at post-treatment (6 months) and follow-up (12 months). No significant between-group difference was found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that leisure therapy is not more effective than no treatment for improving IADLs in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery.
Knee strength
Not effective
1b
One non-randomized study (Rand et al., 2010) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on knee strength after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. This pre-post design study provided patients with physical exercise + recreation/leisure sessions. Isometric muscle strength of the paretic knee was measured by handheld dynamometer at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). A significant improvement in knee strength was found at mid-treatment but was not maintained at post-treatment.
Conclusion: There is limited evidence (level 2b) from one pre-post study that physical exercise and recreation/leisure sessions are not effective for improving paretic knee strength after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
Leisure participation
Not effective
1b
One high quality RCT (Corr, Phillips & Walker, 2004) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery. This high quality crossover RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. randomized patients to receive community leisure therapy or no treatment (delayed intervention). Leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. was measured by the Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire (NLQ – Total leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
carried out; ActivitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
carried out regularly) at post-treatment (6 months) and follow-up (12 months). No significant between-group difference was found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that leisure therapy is not more effective than no treatment for improving leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery.
Two high quality RCTs (Corr, Phillips & Walker, 2004; Liu-Ambrose & Eng, 2014) and one non-randomized study (Rand et al., 2010) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on mood in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery.
The first high quality crossover RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Corr, Phillips & Walker, 2004) randomized patients to receive community leisure therapy or no treatment (delayed intervention). Mood was measured by the Hospital Anxiety and DepressionIllness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood or a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away. People with a depressive disease cannot merely “pull themselves together” and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression.
Scale (HADS – Anxiety, DepressionIllness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood or a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away. People with a depressive disease cannot merely “pull themselves together” and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression.
subscales) at post-treatment (6 months) and follow-up (12 months). No significant between-group difference was found at either time point.
The second high quality crossover RCT (Liu-Ambrose & Eng, 2014) randomized patients to receive exercise training + recreation/leisure therapy or usual care. Mood was measured by the Geriatric DepressionIllness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood or a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away. People with a depressive disease cannot merely “pull themselves together” and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression.
Scale (GDS) at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). No significant between-group difference was found at either time point.
The pre-post design study (Rand et al., 2010) provided patients with physical exercise + recreation/leisure sessions. Mood was measured by the GDS at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). No significant change in mood was found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is strong evidence (level 1a) from two high quality RCTs that leisure therapy (with or without physical activity) is not more effective than comparison interventions (no intervention, usual care) for improving mood in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery. A non-randomized study also found no significant improvement in mood following physical exercise and recreation/leisure sessions.
Occupational performance
Effective
1b
One high quality RCT (Corr, Phillips & Walker, 2004) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on occupational performance in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery. This high quality crossover RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. randomized patients to receive community leisure therapy or no treatment (delayed intervention). Occupational performance was measured by the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM – Performance, Satisfaction) at post-treatment (6 months) and follow-up (12 months). Significant between-group differences were found on both measures at post-treatment, in favour of community leisure therapy vs. no treatment. Differences were not maintained at follow-up.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality that leisure therapy is more effective than no treatment (delayed intervention) for improving occupational performance in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery.
Self-concept
Not effective
1b
One high quality RCT (Corr, Phillips & Walker, 2004) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on self-concept in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery. This high quality crossover RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. randomized patients to receive community leisure therapy or no treatment (delayed intervention). Self-concept was measured by the Semantic Differential Self Concept Scale at post-treatment (6 months) and follow-up (12 months). No significant between-group difference was found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that leisure therapy is not more effective than no treatment (delayed intervention) for improving self-concept in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery.
Walking endurance
Effective
1b
One high quality RCT (Liu-Ambrose & Eng, 2014) and one non-randomized study (Rand et al., 2010) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on walking endurance in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery.
The high quality crossover RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Liu-Ambrose & Eng, 2014) randomized patients to receive exercise training + recreation/leisure therapy or usual care. Walking endurance was measured by the 6 Minute Walk Test (6MWT) at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). A significant between-group difference was found at post-treatment only, in favour of exercise training + recreation/leisure therapy vs. usual care.
The pre-post design study (Rand et al., 2010) provided patients with physical exercise + recreation/leisure sessions. Walking endurance was measured by the 6MWT at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). Significant within-group differences were found at both time points.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that exercise training + recreation/leisure therapy is more effective than a comparison intervention (usual care) for improving walking endurance in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery. A non-randomized study also found significant improvements in walking endurance after a physical exercise and recreation/leisure intervention.
Walking speed
Not effective
2b
One non-randomized study (Rand et al., 2010) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on walking speed in the chronic phase of stroke recovery. This pre-post design study provided patients with physical exercise + recreation/leisure sessions. Walking speed was measured by a 5-meter walk test at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). A significant improvement in walking speed was found at mid-treatment but was not maintained at post-treatment.
Conclusion: There is limited evidence (level 2b) from one non-randomized study that physical exercise + recreation/leisure sessions are not effective for improving walking speed in the chronic phase of strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery.
Phase not specific to one period
Activities of Daily Living
4
One high quality RCT (Parker, Gladman & Drummond, 2001) and one poor quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Logan et al., 2003) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on ActivitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
of Daily Living (ADLs) after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
The high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Parker, Gladman & Drummond, 2001) randomized patients to receive leisure-based occupational therapy (OT), ADL-based OT or no intervention. ADLs were measured by the Barthel Index (BI) at post-treatment (6 months) and follow-up (12 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
The poor quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Logan et al., 2003) randomized patients to receive leisure-based OT or ADL-based OT. ADLs were measured by the BI (Dressing, Bathing, Transfers) at post-treatment (6 months). No significant between-group difference was found.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. and 1 poor quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that found that leisure therapy is not more effective than comparison interventions (ADL-based OT, no intervention) for improving ADLs after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
Activity participation and satisfaction
Not effective
1b
One fair quality RCT (Jongbloed & Morgan, 1991) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on activity participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. and satisfaction after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. This fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. randomized patients to receive a leisure program or time-matched leisure/stroke-related conversations (no program). Activity participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. and satisfaction was measured by the Katz Adjustment Index (Level of free-time activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
; Level of satisfaction with free-time activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
) at post-treatment (5 weeks) and follow-up (18 weeks). No significant between-group difference was found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is limited evidence (level 2a) from one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that leisure therapy is not more effective than a comparison intervention (conversation) for improving activity participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
Emotional wellbeing
Not effective
1a
Three high quality RCTs (Drummond & Walker, 1996; Parker, Gladman & Drummond, 2001; Desrosiers et al., 2007) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on emotional wellbeing after stroke.
The first high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Drummond & Walker, 1996) randomized patients with acute/subacute stroke to receive leisure therapy, conventional occupational therapy (OT) or no intervention. Emotional wellbeing was measured by the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP – Energy, Emotions, Pain, Isolation, Sleep, Mobility, Total score) at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). Comparison of leisure therapy and conventional OT found significant between-group differences in three measures (NHP – Energy, Mobility, Total) at mid-treatment, in favour of leisure therapy vs. OT; only one measure (NHP – Mobility) remained significant at post-treatment. Comparison of leisure therapy and no treatment found significant between-group differences in two measures (NHP – Mobility, Total) at mid-treatment, in favour of leisure therapy vs. no treatment; only one measure (NHP – Mobility) remained significant at post-treatment.
Note: No significant between-group difference was found between OT vs. no intervention at either time point.
The second high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Parker, Gladman & Drummond, 2001) randomized patients to receive leisure-based OT, ADL-based OT or no intervention. Emotional wellbeing was measured by General Health Questionnaire at post-treatment (6 months) and follow-up (12 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
The third high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Desrosiers et al., 2007) randomized patients to receive a leisure education program or social home visits. Emotional wellbeing was measured by the General Well-being Schedule at post-treatment (8-12 weeks). No significant between-group difference was found.
Conclusion: There is strong evidence (level 1a) from three high quality RCTs that leisure therapy is not more effective than comparison interventions (OT, social home visits, no treatment) for improving emotional wellbeing after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
Note: One high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. found that leisure therapy was more effective than comparison interventions (OT, no intervention) for improving one measure of wellbeing (mobility).
Emotional wellbeing of carers
Not effective
1b
One high quality RCT (Parker, Gladman & Drummond, 2001) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on emotional wellbeing of carers after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. randomized patients to receive leisure-based occupational therapy (OT), ADL-based OT or no intervention. Carer emotional wellbeing was measured by the Short General Health Questionnaire at post-treatment (6 months) and at follow-up (12 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that leisure therapy is not more effective than comparison interventions (ADL-based OT, no intervention) for improving emotional wellbeing of carers after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
Executive function
Not effective
1b
One high quality RCT (Lund et al., 2012) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on executive function after stroke. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. randomized patients to receive a lifestyle + physical activity program or physical activity alone. Executive function was measured by the Trail-Making Test (TMT-A, TMT-B) at post-treatment (9 months). No significant between-group difference was found.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that a lifestyle + physical activity program is not more effective than a comparison intervention (physical activity alone) for improving executive function after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
Health-related quality of life
Not effective
1b
One high quality RCT (Desrosiers et al., 2007) and one fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Nour et al., 2002) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on health-related quality of life after stroke.
The high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Desrosiers et al., 2007) randomized patients to receive a leisure education program or social home visits. Health-related quality of life was measured by the Stroke-Adapted Sickness Impact Profile at post-treatment (8-12 weeks). No significant between-group difference was found.
The fair quality RCT (Nour et al., 2002) randomized patients to receive a leisure education program or social home visits. Health-related quality of life was measured by the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP – Psychological, Physical, Total scores) at post-treatment (10 weeks). A significant between-group difference was found, in favour of leisure education vs. social visits.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that a leisure education program is not more effective than a comparison intervention (social home visits) for improving health-related quality of life after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
Note: However, a fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. found better outcomes in quality of life following a leisure education program vs. social home visits. This study used a different measure of quality of life than the high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness..
Health status
Not effective
1a
One high quality RCT (Lund et al., 2012) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on health status after stroke. This high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. randomized patients to receive a lifestyle + physical activity program or physical activity alone. Health status was measured by the Medical Outcomes Short Form (SF-36 – Mental health, Vitality, Bodily pain, General health, Social functioning, Physical functioning, Role physical, Role emotional subscales) at post-treatment (9 months). No significant between-group difference was found.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that a lifestyle + physical activity program is not more effective than a comparison intervention (physical activity alone) for improving health status after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Not effective
Two high quality RCTs (Drummond & Walker, 1996; Parker, Gladman & Drummond, 2001) and one poor quality RCT (Logan et al., 2003) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on Instrumental ActivitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
of Daily Living (IADLs) after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
The first high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Drummond & Walker, 1996) randomized patients to receive leisure therapy, conventional occupational therapy (OT) or no intervention. IADLs were measured by the Nottingham Extended ADL Scale (NEADL – Mobility, Kitchen, Domestic, Leisure scores) at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). Significant between-group differences were found in two measures (NEADL – Mobility, Leisure) at post-treatment only, in favour of leisure therapy vs. no intervention, and leisure therapy vs. OT.
Note: No significant between-group differences were found between OT vs. no intervention at either time point.
The second high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Parker, Gladman & Drummond, 2001) randomized patients to receive leisure-based OT, ADL-based OT or no intervention. IADLs were measured by the NEADL at post-treatment (6 months) and follow-up (12 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
The poor quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Logan et al., 2003) randomized patients to receive leisure-based OT or ADL-based OT. IADLs were measured by the NEADL (Cleaning, Cooking, Mobility outside, Mobility on uneven ground) at post-treatment (6 months). No significant between-group differences were found.
Conclusion: There is conflicting evidence (level 4) regarding the effect of leisure on IADLs following strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. While one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. found that leisure therapy was more effective than comparison interventions (OT, no intervention) for improving some IADLs (mobility and leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
), one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. and one poor quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. found that leisure therapy was not more effective than comparison interventions (ADL-based OT, no intervention).
Leisure participation
Conflicting
4
Three high quality RCTs (Drummond & Walker, 1995; Parker, Gladman & Drummond, 2001; Desrosiers et al., 2007) and one poor quality RCT (Logan et al., 2003) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
The first high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Drummond & Walker, 1995) randomized patients to receive leisure therapy, conventional occupational therapy (OT) or no intervention. Leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. was measured by (i) leisure activity frequency, and (ii) number of leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). Significant between-group differences were found on both measures at mid-treatment and post-treatment, in favour of leisure therapy vs. no intervention, and leisure therapy vs. OT.
Note: No significant between-group differences were found between OT vs. no intervention.
The second high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Parker, Gladman & Drummond, 2001) randomized patients to receive leisure-based OT, ADL-based OT or no intervention. Leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. was measured by the Nottingham Leisure Questionnaire (NLQ) at post-treatment (6 months) and follow-up (12 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
The third high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Desrosiers et al., 2007) randomized patients to receive a leisure education program or social home visits. Leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. was measured using a time-adjusted logbook (passive activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
, active activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
, number of activities) at post-treatment (8-12 weeks). Significant between-group differences were found on two measures (active leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
, number of activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
), in favour of leisure education vs. social visits.
The poor quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Logan et al., 2003) randomized patients to receive leisure-based OT or ADL-based OT. Leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. was measured by the NLQ (Sport, Games, Cooking, Shopping, Entertainment, Gardening, Hobbies) at post-treatment (6 months). No significant between-group difference was found.
Conclusion: There is conflicting evidence (level 4) regarding the effect of leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
on leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations. after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. While two high quality RCTs found that leisure therapy was more effective than comparison interventions (OT, no intervention, social home visits) for improving leisure participationAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, participation is an individual’s involvement in life situations in relation to health conditions, body functions or structures, activities, and contextual factors. Participation restrictions are problems an individual may have in the manner or extent of involvement in life situations., one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. and one poor quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. found that leisure therapy was not more effective than comparison interventions (ADL-based OT, no intervention).
Leisure satisfaction
Effective
2a
One high quality RCT (Desrosiers et al., 2007) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on leisure satisfaction after stroke. This high quality RCT randomized patients to receive a leisure education program or social home visits. Leisure satisfaction was measured by the Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS) and Individualized Leisure Profile (ILP – Needs and expectations in regard to leisure, Use of spare time) at post-treatment (8-12 weeks). Significant between-group differences were found on two measures (LSS; ILP – Needs and expectations), in favour of leisure education vs. social visits.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCT that a leisure education program is more effective than a comparison intervention (social home visits) for improving leisure satisfaction after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
One high quality RCT (Lund et al., 2012) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on mobility after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. This high quality RCT randomized patients to receive a lifestyle + physical activity program or physical activity alone. Mobility was measured by the Timed Up and Go Test at post-treatment (9 months). No significant between-group difference was found.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that a lifestyle + physical activity program is not more effective than a comparison intervention (physical activity) for improving mobility after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
Three high quality RCTs (Drummond & Walker, 1996; Desrosiers et al., 2007; Lund et al., 2012) and one fair quality RCT (Nour et al., 2002) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on mood after stroke.
The first high quality RCT (Drummond & Walker, 1996) randomized patients to receive leisure therapy, conventional occupational therapy (OT) or no intervention. Mood was measured by the Wakefield DepressionIllness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood or a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away. People with a depressive disease cannot merely “pull themselves together” and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression.
Inventory at mid-treatment (3 months) and post-treatment (6 months). No significant between-group differences were found at either time point.
The second high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Desrosiers et al., 2007) randomized patients to receive a leisure education program or social home visits. Mood was measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies DepressionIllness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood or a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away. People with a depressive disease cannot merely “pull themselves together” and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression.
Scale at post-treatment (8-12 weeks). A significant between-group difference was found, in favour of leisure education vs. social visits.
The third high quality RCT (Lund et al., 2012) randomized patients to receive a lifestyle + physical activity program or physical activity alone. Mood was measured by the Hospital Anxiety and DepressionIllness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood or a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away. People with a depressive disease cannot merely “pull themselves together” and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression.
Scale (HADS – Anxiety, DepressionIllness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood or a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away. People with a depressive disease cannot merely “pull themselves together” and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression.
subscales) at post-treatment (9 months). No significant between-group difference was found.
The fair quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. (Nour et al., 2002) randomized patients to receive a leisure education program or social home visits. Mood was measured by the Beck DepressionIllness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood or a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away. People with a depressive disease cannot merely “pull themselves together” and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression.
Inventory at post-treatment (10 weeks). No significant between-group difference was found.
Conclusion: There is strong evidence (level 1a) from two high quality RCTs and one fair quality RCT that leisure programs are not more effective than comparison interventions (conventional OT, physical activity alone, social home visits, no intervention) for improving mood following stroke.
Note: However, one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. did find that a leisure education program was more effective than social home visits in improving depressionIllness involving the body, mood, and thoughts, that affects the way a person eats and sleeps, the way one feels about oneself, and the way one thinks about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood or a sign of personal weakness or a condition that can be wished away. People with a depressive disease cannot merely “pull themselves together” and get better. Without treatment, symptoms can last for weeks, months, or years. Appropriate treatment, however, can help most people with depression.
after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
Occupational performance
Not effective
1b
One high quality RCT (Lund et al., 2012) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on occupational performance after stroke. This high quality RCT randomized patients to receive a lifestyle + physical activity program or physical activity alone. Occupational performance was measured by the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM – Performance, Satisfaction) at post-treatment (9 months). No significant between-group difference was found.
Conclusion: There is limited evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCT that a lifestyle + physical activity program is not more effective than a comparison intervention (physical activity) for improving occupational performance after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
Stroke outcomes
Not effective
1b
One high quality RCT (Parker, Gladman & Drummond, 2001) investigated the effect of leisure therapy on strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. outcomes after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. This high quality RCT randomized patients to receive leisure-based occupational therapy (OT), ADL-based OT or no intervention. StrokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. outcomes were measured by the International StrokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. Trial outcome questions, Oxford Handicap Scale and London Handicap Scale at post-treatment (6 months) and follow-up (12 months). No significant between-group differences were found on any of the measures at either time point.
Conclusion: There is moderate evidence (level 1b) from one high quality RCTA randomized controlled trial (RCT) is an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment group, or to a control (no treatment or alternative treatment) group. Effects of the experimental treatment are then compared statistically to results of the control treatment to determine effectiveness. that leisure therapy is not more effective than comparison interventions (ADL-based OT, no intervention) for reducing stroke outcomes after strokeAlso called a “brain attack” and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a “schemic stroke”, or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain..
References
Corr, S., Phillips, C. J., & Walker, M. (2004). Evaluation of a pilot service designed to provide support following stroke: a randomized cross-over design study. Clinical Rehabilitation, 18(1), 69-75.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14763721/
Desrosiers, J., Noreau, L., Rochette, A., Carbonneau, H., Fontaine, L., Viscogliosi, C., & Bravo, G. (2007). Effect of a home leisure education program after strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88(9), 1095-1100.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17826452/
Dorstyn, D., Roberts, R., Kneebone, I., Kennedy, P., & Lieu, C. (2014). Systematic reviewA systematic review is a summary of available research on a given topic that compares studies based on design and methods. It summarizes the findings of each, and points out flaws or potentially confounding variables that may have been overlooked. A critical analysis of each study is done in an effort to rate the value of its stated conclusions. The research findings are then summarized, and a conclusion is provided.
of leisure therapy and its effectiveness in managing functional outcomes in strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. rehabilitation. Topics in StrokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. Rehabilitation, 21(1), 40-51.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24521839/
Drummond, A. E. R., & Walker, M. F. (1995). A randomized controlled trial of leisure rehabilitation after strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. Clinical Rehabilitation, 9(4), 283-90.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/026921559500900402
Drummond, A., & Walker, M. (1996). Generalisation of the effects of leisure rehabilitation for strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. patients. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 59(7), 330-4.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/030802269605900712
Jongbloed, L., & Morgan, D. (1991). An investigation of involvement in leisure activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
after a strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 45(5), 420-7.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2048623/
Liu-Ambrose, T., & Eng, J. J. (2015). Exercise training and recreational activitiesAs defined by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, activity is the performance of a task or action by an individual. Activity limitations are difficulties in performance of activities. These are also referred to as function.
to promote executive functions in chronic strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.: a proof-of-concept study. Journal of StrokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 24(1), 130-7.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25440324/
Logan, P. A., Gladman, J. R., Drummond, A. E., & Radford, K. A. (2003). A study of interventions and related outcomes in a randomized controlled trial of occupational therapy and leisure therapy for community strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. patients. Clinical Rehabilitation, 17(3), 249-55.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12735531/
Lund, A., Michelet, M., Sandvik, L., Wyller, T. B., & Sveen, U. (2012). A lifestyle intervention as supplement to a physical activity programme in rehabilitation after strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 26(6), 502-12.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22169830/
Nour, K., Desrosiers, J., Gauthier, P., & Carbonneau, H. (2002). Impact of a home leisure educational program for older adults who have had a strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. (home leisure educational program). Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 36(1), 48-64.
https://js.sagamorepub.com/trj/article/view/1048
Parker, C. J., Gladman, J. R., Drummond, A. E., Dewey, M. E., Lincoln, N. B., Barer, D., … & Radford, K. A. (2001). A multicentre randomized controlled trial of leisure therapy and conventional occupational therapy after strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. Clinical rehabilitation, 15(1), 42-52.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11237160/
Rand, D., Eng, J. J., Liu-Ambrose, T., & Tawashy, A. E. (2010). Feasibility of a 6-month exercise and recreation program to improve executive functioning and memory in individuals with chronic strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.. Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 24(8), 722-9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3123336/
Excluded Studies:
Bastien, M., Korner-Bitensky, N., Lalonde, S., LeBrun, N., & Matte, D. (1998). A health and leisure program for community-dwelling individuals with strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain.: A pilot study. Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation.
Reason for exclusion: No statistical analysis was reported in the study.
Lund, A., Michelet, M., Kjeken, I., Wyller, T. B., & Sveen, U. (2012). Development of a person-centred lifestyle intervention for older adults following a strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. or transient ischaemic attack. Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy, 19(2), 140-9.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21854103/
Reason for exclusion: The study also included patients with TIAs.
Hebblethwaite, S., & Curley, L. (2015). Exploring the role of community recreation in strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. recovery using participatory action research and photovoice. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 49(1).
https://js.sagamorepub.com/trj/article/view/5433
Reason for exclusion: This paper reports changes in leisure after a strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. in the form of group discussions to identify common themes. There was no evaluation of the efficacy of an intervention.
Mulders, A. H. M., De Witte, L. P., & Diederiks, J. P. M. (1989). Evaluation of a rehabilitation after-care programme for strokeAlso called a "brain attack" and happens when brain cells die because of inadequate blood flow. 20% of cases are a hemorrhage in the brain caused by a rupture or leakage from a blood vessel. 80% of cases are also know as a "schemic stroke", or the formation of a blood clot in a vessel supplying blood to the brain. patients. J Rehabil Sci, 2(4), 97-103.
Reason for exclusion: This study was not publicly available and could not be evaluated for eligibility in this module. We reached out to the authors, but were not able to access the paper. This article was included in a systematic reviewA systematic review is a summary of available research on a given topic that compares studies based on design and methods. It summarizes the findings of each, and points out flaws or potentially confounding variables that may have been overlooked. A critical analysis of each study is done in an effort to rate the value of its stated conclusions. The research findings are then summarized, and a conclusion is provided.
(Dorstyn et al., 2014) from which findings are reported in this module.
